Fade
This example demonstrates the use of the analogWrite() function in fading an LED off and on. AnalogWrite uses pulse width modulation (PWM), turning a digital pin on and off very quickly with different ratio between on and off, to create a fading effect.
Hardware Required
Arduino board
LED
220 ohm resistor
hook-up wires
breadboard
Circuit
Connect the anode (the longer, positive leg) of your LED to digital output pin 9 on your board through a 220 ohm resistor. Connect the cathode (the shorter, negative leg) directly to ground.
Schematic
Code
After declaring pin 9 to be your ledPin, there is nothing to do in the setup() function of your code.
The analogWrite() function that you will be using in the main loop of your code requires two arguments: One telling the function which pin to write to, and one indicating what PWM value to write.
In order to fade your LED off and on, gradually increase your PWM value from 0 (all the way off) to 255 (all the way on), and then back to 0 once again to complete the cycle. In the sketch below, the PWM value is set using a variable called brightness. Each time through the loop, it increases by the value of the variable fadeAmount.
If brightness is at either extreme of its value (either 0 or 255), then fadeAmount is changed to its negative. In other words, if fadeAmount is 5, then it is set to -5. If it's -5, then it's set to 5. The next time through the loop, this change causes brightness to change direction as well.
analogWrite() can change the PWM value very fast, so the delay at the end of the sketch controls the speed of the fade. Try changing the value of the delay and see how it changes the fading effect.
See Also
setup()
loop()
AnalogReadSerial - Read a potentiometer, print its state out to the Arduino Serial Monitor.
BareMinimum - The bare minimum of code needed to start an Arduino sketch.
Blink - Turn an LED on and off.
DigitalReadSerial - Read a switch, print the state out to the Arduino Serial Monitor.
Last revision 2015/07/29 by SM